Changes in the state of this system can occur externally (from extraterrestrial systems) or internally (from ocean, atmosphere and land systems) through any one of the described components. For example, an external change may involve a variation in the sun's output which would externally vary the amount of solar radiation received by the Earth's atmosphere and surface. Internal variations in the Earth's climatic system may be caused by changes in the concentrations of atmospheric gases, mountain building, volcanic emissions, and changes in surface or atmospheric reflectivity (albedo).
The work of climatologists has found evidence to suggest that only a limited number of factors are primarily responsible for most of the past episodes of climate change on the Earth. These factors include:
- Variations in the Earth's orbital characteristics.
- Atmospheric carbon dioxide variations.
- Volcanic eruptions
- Variations in solar output.
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